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[Description]
Lesson description and lesson goals
Teacher gives the goals of the lesson.
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[Description]
Definitions of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics
Teacher gives the definitions of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics.
Antibiotics are compounds, produced by microorganisms, which inhibit reproduction or kill other microorganisms (bacteria, mycoplasms, fungi and protozoans). The term was introduced in 1945 by Selman Waksman.
Chemotherapeutics are artificially produced chemical compounds that combat microorganisms. They have no counterparts in nature. Chemotherapeutics include the sulphonamides and chloramphenicol, which is sometimes regarded as an antibiotic.
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[Illustration]
Actions of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics
Teacher shows the illustration of a bacterium, reads the information and describes the actions of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics.
Ribosomes – Inhibition of protein biosynthesis – aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides. These antibiotics combine with subunits 30S or 50S of the ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis.
Chromosome – Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis – quinolones. These antibiotics combine with gyrase subunits (an enzyme responsible for the formation of superhelical DNA structures), inhibiting replication.
Cell membrane – Disruption of function of cell surface membrane – polymyxins, gramicidins. These antibiotics not only damage the structure of the cell surface membrane of bacteria, but also impair the transport of substances, which contributes to disturbances in bacterial metabolism.
Cell wall – Inhibition of cell wall synthesis – penicillin, cephalosporins, lincosamides. These antibiotics affect the synthesis, structure and function of the cell wall. Without a cell wall, a bacterial cell is not protected against the external environment and can easily be destroyed.
Folic acid metabolism – Disruption of folic acid metabolism – sulphonamides. These antibiotics have a bacteriostatic action. They displace para-aminobenzoic acid, which is required by certain bacteria for the synthesis of folic acid, which, in turn, is essential for the multiplication of the bacterial cells.
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[Whiteboard exercise]
The cell structures affected by antibiotics
Teacher asks one of the students to complete the exercise.
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[Whiteboard exercise]
The actions of antibiotics
Teacher asks one of the students to complete the exercise.
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